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Ericsson Certified Associate - IP Networking Sample Questions (Q27-Q32):

NEW QUESTION # 27
How is a BGP session established between two routers?

A. The BGP router sends a unicast OPEN message.
B. The BGP router sends a unicast NOTIFICATION message.
C. The BGP router sends a multicast CONNECT message.
D. The BGP router sends a multicast HELLO packet.

Answer: A

Explanation:
Explanation
A BGP session is established between two routers by sending a unicast OPEN message. BGP uses TCP as its transport protocol, which means that before exchanging any BGP information, a TCP connection must be established between the routers. The TCP connection uses port 179 as both source and destination port. After establishing a TCP connection, each router sends an OPEN message to its neighbor, containing parameters such as BGP version number, AS number, hold time, BGP identifier, and optional capabilities. The OPEN message also serves as a keepalive message for BGP. If both routers agree on these parameters, they proceed to exchange UPDATE messages containing routing information and establish a BGP session.
A BGP router does not send a NOTIFICATION message to establish a session, but rather to terminate a session due to an error or a manual shutdown. A BGP router does not send a CONNECT message, as this is a TCP state, not a BGP message. A BGP router does not send a multicast HELLO packet, as this is an OSPF message, not a BGP message. References: BGP Neighbor States BGP Fundamentals | Cisco Press, Demystifying BGP Session Establishments - Packet Pushers, The TCP/IP Guide - BGP Connection Establishment: Open Messages

NEW QUESTION # 28
Which two statements are true regarding the LSP? (Choose two.)

A. The LSP refers to a sequence of routers that add, remove, or change label values based on the destination MAC address.
B. The LSP refers to a sequence of routers that forward the MPLS packet based on labels.
C. The LSP refers to a sequence of routers that add. remove, or change label values along the path.
D. The LSP refers to a specific label assigned to a packet by the LSR for a destination.

Answer: B,C

Explanation:
Explanation
Two statements that are true regarding the LSP are:
The LSP refers to a sequence of routers that forward the MPLS packet based on labels. An LSP is a Label Switched Path, which is a path through an MPLS network that is established by signaling protocols such as LDP or RSVP-TE. An LSP consists of a sequence of routers (called Label Switching Routers or LSRs) that forward packets based on labels rather than IP addresses. Labels are short fixed-length identifiers that are attached to packets at the ingress router and removed at the egress router. Labels can be swapped or popped at intermediate routers according to their label forwarding tables78.
The LSP refers to a sequence of routers that add, remove, or change label values along the path. As mentioned above, an LSP consists of a sequence of routers that forward packets based on labels. Along the path, different routers may perform different operations on the labels depending on their role and configuration. The ingress router adds one or more labels to the packet before sending it into the MPLS network. The egress router removes all labels from the packet before sending it out of the MPLS network. The intermediate routers may swap one label with another label according to their label forwarding tables. This process is called label switching78.
References: MPLS Fundamentals: 3 - MPLS Packet Forwarding, Multiprotocol Label Switching - Wikipedia

NEW QUESTION # 29
For IP destinations not found in the IS-IS Level 1 database, the Level 1 router must forward packets to the nearest Level 1-Level 2 router with which set?

A. options bit
B. status bit
C. attach bit
D. overload bit

Answer: C

Explanation:
Explanation
For IP destinations not found in the IS-IS Level 1 database, the Level 1 router must forward packets to the nearest Level 1-Level 2 router with the attach bit set. The attach bit is a flag in the IS-IS Level 1 LSP that indicates that the router is also a Level 2 router and can reach destinations outside the Level 1 area. The Level
1 router will install a default route pointing to the nearest Level 1-Level 2 router with the attach bit set. This way, the Level 1 router can forward packets to other areas without having to maintain a full Level 2 database. References: Ericsson IP Networking - Routing Protocols, Configure Attach Bit Set - Cisco

NEW QUESTION # 30
Review the exhibit.

In the exhibit, which action is performed by router R3 for traffic arriving from router R2 towards router R4?

A. swap
B. push
C. pop
D. PHP

Answer: D

Explanation:
Explanation
In the exhibit, the action performed by router R3 for traffic arriving from router R2 towards router R4 is PHP, which stands for penultimate hop popping. PHP is a process in which the penultimate hop router (the router before the egress router) removes the top label from an MPLS packet before forwarding it to the egress router.
This reduces the label stack depth of the packet and relieves the egress router from performing a label lookup operation. In the exhibit, router R3 is the penultimate hop for traffic arriving from router R2 towards router R4. Router R3 will perform a PHP operation, removing the top label from the incoming packet before forwarding it to router R478.
References: PHP Tutorial - W3Schools, PHP: Downloads

NEW QUESTION # 31
An operator wants to ensure that they can differentiate their traffic types for the purpose of prioritization in their Ethernet LAN and IP/MPLS backbone.
Which three fields would be used? (Choose three.)

A. ECN
B. Traffic Class (TC)
C. PCP
D. VID
E. DSCP

Answer: B,C,E

Explanation:
Explanation
To differentiate traffic types for the purpose of prioritization in their Ethernet LAN and IP/MPLS backbone, an operator can use the following three fields:
Traffic Class (TC): This is a 3-bit field in the MPLS label that can be used to indicate the priority or class of service (CoS) of the packet. The TC field can be mapped to the DSCP field in the IP header or the PCP field in the Ethernet header. The TC field can be used by MPLS routers to apply different per-hop behaviors (PHBs) such as queuing, scheduling, and dropping policies to different traffic classes12.
DSCP: This is a 6-bit field in the IP header that can be used to mark packets according to the differentiated services (DiffServ) model. The DSCP field can indicate the per-hop behavior (PHB) that the packet should receive at each router along its path. The DSCP field can be mapped to the TC field in the MPLS label or the PCP field in the Ethernet header. The DSCP field can be used by IP routers to provide QoS for different traffic types34.
PCP: This is a 3-bit field in the Ethernet header that can be used to mark packets according to the IEEE
802.1Q standard. The PCP field can indicate the priority or class of service (CoS) of the packet on an Ethernet LAN. The PCP field can be mapped to the TC field in the MPLS label or the DSCP field in the IP header. The PCP field can be used by Ethernet switches to provide QoS for different traffic types56.
References: MPLS Traffic Engineering - DiffServ-Aware Traffic Engineering, MPLS Traffic Engineering - DiffServ-Aware Traffic Engineering Configuration Guide, Differentiated services - Wikipedia, DSCP and Precedence Values - Cisco, 802.1Q VLAN IDs and Ethernet Interface Types - Juniper Networks, Introduction to Virtual LANs (VLANs) and Tagging - Ubiquiti Support and Help Center

NEW QUESTION # 32
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